As a result, there have been a more active power and reactive power loss in the distribution system and accordingly, the end customers will face voltage drop and there is a high possibility that the voltage magnitude on most buses may be below the minimum voltage limit i.e. 0.95 P.U. In such situation, there has been a constant load growth among different customers in recent years and this will worsen the voltage magnitude in the forthcoming years, which will reduce the power system stability margin [4]-[6]. Therefore, the active and reactive power sources must be integrated in the system to improve the voltage magnitude so that the power stability margin can be improved. For that reason, the system planning engineers are focusing nowadays on the incorporation of distributed generation (DIG) and shunt capacitor so that a secure and stable operation of power system can be achieved.

  DIG is the local source of electricity that is situated at a close distance of the customers and generates clean and green electricity [5]-[8]. There are different types of DIG such as renewable-based and non-renewable based. The renewable based DIG are such as solar DIG, wind DIG etc. are mostly used since they have a positive impact towards the environment. The incorporation of DIG can help to decrease the active and reactive power loss and enhance the voltage magnitude of the system [9]. Moreover, the active power generation of DIG helps to match the active power growth of the system [10].

On the other hand, shunt capacitor is a source of reactive power that can also be incorporated in radial distribution system [10]-[11]. Placement of capacitor in non-sinusoidal conditions needs consideration of harmonic distortion amplification due to either series or parallel resonance. Optimal sizing and location of shunt capacitors needs to be done to realize maximum benefits with voltage profile and Harmonic distortion as a constraint. Placement and sizing of shunt capacitor is a mutli-dimensional and complex problem. Similar to the DIG, integration of shunt capacitor can help to reduce line losses and improve voltage magnitude. An adequate reactive power compensation helps to reduce line loading, line loss, maintain better voltage profile, improve reliability, reduce failure rate and maintenance cost. The yearly constant yearly reactive power growth can be handled easily with the proper utilization of shunt capacitor [11].


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  ABSTRACT   In this study, to keep the secure and stable operation of the power system, distributed generation (DIG) and shunt capacitor are optimally placed in a radial distribution system. Many researchers are working on optimal DIG and shunt capacitor placement using intelligent method like genetic algorithm, artificial neural network, fuzzy logic and ant colony algorithm. In such regard, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based technique is used to determine the optimal location and optimal size of the DIG and shunt capacitor. The main purpose of this study is to increase the economic advantage of the distribution system operator as well as to decrease the active and reactive power loss. Different indexes such as Cost Index (CI), Active loss reduction index (ALRI), and Reactive loss reduction index (RLRI) are proposed and formulated accordingly. Different cases are considered and the obtained results are deeply analyzed for finding out the best option of system opera...
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